1 00:00:17,160 --> 00:00:20,120 আমাদের প্রাকৃতিক বিশ্ব জুড়ে, 2 00:00:20,120 --> 00:00:23,440 জীবন অসংখ্য রূপ ধারণ করেছে। 3 00:00:26,880 --> 00:00:30,480 বিস্ময়কর, অদ্ভুত... 4 00:00:31,560 --> 00:00:33,920 ..এবং অবিরাম বৈচিত্র্যময়। 5 00:00:38,280 --> 00:00:41,280 এটা সব কল্পনা করা সহজ এই যেমন, 6 00:00:41,280 --> 00:00:43,160 কোনোভাবে পূর্বনির্ধারিত... 7 00:00:45,440 --> 00:00:49,320 .. যে এটি তৈরি করা হয়েছে, ভারসাম্য এবং উদ্দেশ্যের একটি বিশ্ব, 8 00:00:49,320 --> 00:00:53,320 কিন্তু সত্য... সত্য অনেক বেশি বন্য। 9 00:00:53,320 --> 00:00:56,560 এটি বেঁচে থাকা একটি পৃথিবী। 10 00:00:58,600 --> 00:01:01,440 পৃথিবীর আদি মুহূর্ত থেকে, 11 00:01:01,440 --> 00:01:03,920 বিবর্তন হয়েছে নীরবে, 12 00:01:03,920 --> 00:01:05,520 নিরলসভাবে, 13 00:01:05,520 --> 00:01:08,000 জীবনের গল্পকে রূপ দিয়েছে। 14 00:01:09,440 --> 00:01:10,560 আমি এটা শুনতে পাচ্ছি... 15 00:01:11,920 --> 00:01:13,640 আর এই সিরিজে... 16 00:01:13,640 --> 00:01:15,720 এটা বেশ আবেগপ্রবণ, যদি আমি আপনার সাথে সৎ হই! 17 00:01:15,720 --> 00:01:20,960 ...আমরা আশ্চর্যজনক বিষয়গুলো খুঁজে বের করব পাঁচজনের বিবর্তনীয় যাত্রা 18 00:01:20,960 --> 00:01:23,600 আইকনিক আধুনিক প্রাণী। 19 00:01:23,600 --> 00:01:25,160 এই দেখুন! 20 00:01:25,160 --> 00:01:27,240 সত্যিই দর্শনীয়! 21 00:01:27,240 --> 00:01:31,320 আমরা তাদের oddball দেখা হবে সুদূর অতীত থেকে পূর্বপুরুষ 22 00:01:31,320 --> 00:01:35,520 এবং আবিষ্কার করুন কিভাবে প্রজন্ম, প্রজন্ম দ্বারা... 23 00:01:35,520 --> 00:01:39,080 একেবারে আশ্চর্যজনক! 24 00:01:39,080 --> 00:01:42,600 ..তারা বদলে গেছে, হয়ে গেছে আমরা আজ জানি প্রাণী. 25 00:01:45,680 --> 00:01:50,200 ছোট থেকে শুরু আসে সবচেয়ে অসাধারণ গল্প, 26 00:01:50,200 --> 00:01:54,280 বেঁচে থাকার গল্প, উদ্ভট রূপান্তরের, 27 00:01:54,280 --> 00:01:57,440 অদ্ভুতভাবে জীবন গঠন করা উপায় 28 00:01:57,440 --> 00:02:02,280 এবং, সবকিছুর পিছনে, বিবর্তনের অপ্রতিরোধ্য শক্তি। 29 00:02:59,800 --> 00:03:05,440 যে দেখো! তারা বলতেন প্রাণীরা আনন্দ অনুভব করতে পারেনি। 30 00:03:05,440 --> 00:03:11,320 এসো! কাদামাখা মনে হয়, ভেজা আনন্দ আমার! 31 00:03:17,480 --> 00:03:18,760 ক্রিস হাসে 32 00:03:21,800 --> 00:03:26,760 আফ্রিকান সাভানা হাতি আছে বিবর্তনের অন্যতম হতে হবে 33 00:03:26,760 --> 00:03:29,320 মুগ্ধকর অদ্ভুত প্রাণী। 34 00:03:30,760 --> 00:03:32,040 মানে, কাণ্ডের দিকে তাকান। 35 00:03:33,440 --> 00:03:37,560 যখন তারা প্রাপ্তবয়স্ক হয়, তখন তা পরিমাপ করে দৈর্ঘ্যে প্রায় দুই মিটার, 36 00:03:37,560 --> 00:03:41,520 এবং এটি রয়েছে সম্ভবত 90,000 ক্ষুদ্র পেশী। 37 00:03:43,800 --> 00:03:45,760 এবং তারপর tusks. 38 00:03:45,760 --> 00:03:48,600 এগুলি এমন দাঁত যা কখনই নয় বৃদ্ধি বন্ধ 39 00:03:49,920 --> 00:03:52,720 কান ! এই কানের দিকে তাকাও, 40 00:03:52,720 --> 00:03:55,280 একটি টেবিল ক্লথের আকার, 41 00:03:55,280 --> 00:03:56,720 দূরে flapping. 42 00:03:59,840 --> 00:04:06,040 কিন্তু তাদের এক সবচেয়ে সুস্পষ্ট সংজ্ঞা বৈশিষ্ট্য, অবশ্যই, তাদের আকার. 43 00:04:06,040 --> 00:04:07,400 যে দেখো! 44 00:04:10,160 --> 00:04:14,640 তারা নিয়মিত পারে পাঁচ, ছয়, সাত টনে পৌঁছান। 45 00:04:14,640 --> 00:04:16,640 সবচেয়ে বড়, দশ টন। 46 00:04:17,840 --> 00:04:19,560 তারা বিশাল। 47 00:04:21,320 --> 00:04:23,280 সুতরাং, এখানে আপনার জন্য একটি প্রশ্ন. 48 00:04:23,280 --> 00:04:26,880 কিভাবে বিবর্তন এসেছে জটিল কিছু দিয়ে, 49 00:04:26,880 --> 00:04:30,480 যেমন সুন্দর এবং এই হিসাবে বিশাল? 50 00:04:31,640 --> 00:04:34,200 হাতি কিভাবে এলো? 51 00:04:38,960 --> 00:04:41,720 ভাল, হাতি বুঝতে, 52 00:04:41,720 --> 00:04:44,280 বৃহত্তম স্থল প্রাণী আজ জীবিত... 53 00:04:46,520 --> 00:04:49,440 ..আপনাকে বুঝতে হবে বিবর্তন নিজেই। 54 00:04:51,640 --> 00:04:55,480 কোন নীলনকশা ছিল না, কোন মহান নকশা. 55 00:04:56,920 --> 00:05:03,120 বিবর্তন একটি প্রক্রিয়া, আকৃতির শক্তিশালী, অদৃশ্য ড্রাইভার দ্বারা। 56 00:05:06,600 --> 00:05:07,800 ক্ষুধার মতো... 57 00:05:08,800 --> 00:05:09,840 ..দ্বন্দ্ব... 58 00:05:10,960 --> 00:05:12,000 ..এবং এমনকি... 59 00:05:14,840 --> 00:05:16,240 .. বিপর্যয়। 60 00:05:18,120 --> 00:05:20,920 তাহলে আমাদের গল্পের শুরু কোথায়? 61 00:05:23,160 --> 00:05:27,760 উত্তর কি আছে এই দৈত্য তৈরি হয়. 62 00:05:30,560 --> 00:05:35,800 তারা বিশ্বের বৃহত্তম ভূমি হতে পারে স্তন্যপায়ী, তারা সুন্দর হতে পারে, 63 00:05:35,800 --> 00:05:42,080 কিন্তু নির্মমভাবে জৈবিকভাবে বলতে গেলে, এটি কোষের একটি বিশাল ভর মাত্র। 64 00:05:42,080 --> 00:05:44,760 এখন, হাতির ক্ষেত্রে, এটি অনেক কোষ। 65 00:05:44,760 --> 00:05:46,640 এটা একটা কোয়াড্রিলিয়ন। 66 00:05:46,640 --> 00:05:50,440 এটির পরে 15টি শূন্য সহ একটি। 67 00:05:57,360 --> 00:06:02,840 কোষ হল মৌলিক বিল্ডিং ব্লক, শুধু হাতির নয়, 68 00:06:02,840 --> 00:06:06,920 কিন্তু আজ সব জীবনের, তা হোক পশু... 69 00:06:07,920 --> 00:06:09,320 .. উদ্ভিদ, 70 00:06:09,320 --> 00:06:10,440 ছত্রাক... 71 00:06:11,960 --> 00:06:13,120 ..বা ব্যাকটেরিয়া। 72 00:06:16,160 --> 00:06:18,560 তাহলে, সেই কোষগুলি কোথা থেকে এসেছে? 73 00:06:20,480 --> 00:06:25,200 ওয়েল, এই প্রাণীর প্রতিটি এক কোষ অন্য থেকে এসেছে 74 00:06:25,200 --> 00:06:29,320 কোষ, যার হয় বিভক্ত বা পুনরুত্পাদিত। 75 00:06:29,320 --> 00:06:32,160 ঠিক আছে, সেই কোষগুলো কোথা থেকে এসেছে? 76 00:06:32,160 --> 00:06:34,800 ভাল, তারা অন্যান্য কোষ থেকে আসে যে বিভক্ত এবং পুনরুত্পাদন. 77 00:06:34,800 --> 00:06:39,000 আসলে, আমরা এই চেইন ট্রেস করতে পারেন অকল্পনীয় উপর ফিরে 78 00:06:39,000 --> 00:06:44,840 সময়ের পর্যায়, অনেক মাধ্যমে দীর্ঘকাল হারিয়ে বিলুপ্ত প্রজাতি, 79 00:06:44,840 --> 00:06:50,160 উল্লেখযোগ্যভাবে পর্যন্ত এটি একক বিন্দুতে একত্রিত হয়, 80 00:06:50,160 --> 00:06:54,960 একটি এককোষী জীব যে প্রতিটি জীবের সাথে সংযুক্ত, 81 00:06:54,960 --> 00:06:58,280 জীবনের গাছের প্রতিটি শাখা, 82 00:06:58,280 --> 00:07:03,680 বসবাসকারী একটি সাধারণ পূর্বপুরুষ কোটি কোটি বছর আগে, 83 00:07:03,680 --> 00:07:06,920 যে সেল সবকিছু শুরু করেছে। 84 00:07:09,320 --> 00:07:13,880 এখন, যখন বিবর্তনের কথা আসে, আপনাকে দীর্ঘ দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি নিতে হবে। 85 00:07:14,880 --> 00:07:17,640 আমি সত্যিই দীর্ঘ দৃশ্য মানে. 86 00:07:19,160 --> 00:07:25,120 হাতির অসম্ভব যাত্রা স্তন্যপায়ী প্রাণীর আগে শুরু হয়, আগে 87 00:07:25,120 --> 00:07:31,040 ডাইনোসর আগে, প্রায় stomped কিছু এমনকি stomp পা ছিল. 88 00:07:32,360 --> 00:07:35,520 এটি একটি গল্প যে শুরু হয় একটি সহজ সত্য সঙ্গে। 89 00:07:38,680 --> 00:07:42,760 বিকশিত হতে চাইলে, আপনাকে প্রথমে বাঁচতে হবে। 90 00:07:50,920 --> 00:07:52,400 হিংস্র, 91 00:07:52,400 --> 00:07:54,040 জোরে... 92 00:07:54,040 --> 00:07:57,000 সত্যি বলতে, ওভারড্রামাটিক। 93 00:07:57,000 --> 00:07:59,400 তরুণ পৃথিবী কোন স্বর্গ নয়... 94 00:08:02,480 --> 00:08:07,360 ..কিন্তু ঢেউয়ের নিচে, জীবন ইতিমধ্যে ধরে নিয়েছে। 95 00:08:12,240 --> 00:08:16,640 কোটি কোটি ক্ষুদ্র, আদিম কোষ উপাদানগুলির সাথে যুদ্ধ করে। 96 00:08:19,640 --> 00:08:22,240 প্রায় সব ধ্বংস হবে. 97 00:08:28,240 --> 00:08:31,600 কিন্তু এক কোষ আলাদা। 98 00:08:32,920 --> 00:08:39,440 এই ক্ষুদ্র দাগের মধ্যেই রয়েছে সমস্ত জীবন্ত জিনিসের ভবিষ্যত। 99 00:08:41,560 --> 00:08:43,480 এটি একটি নাম সহ একটি দাগ. 100 00:08:44,880 --> 00:08:50,080 LUCA এর সাথে দেখা করুন, চূড়ান্তভাবে বেঁচে থাকা। 101 00:08:50,080 --> 00:08:55,480 মহা-মহান-মহৎ সময় আপনার কোটি কোটি দাদা, 102 00:08:55,480 --> 00:09:00,440 হাতি, এবং অন্যান্য পৃথিবীতে জীবন্ত জিনিস। 103 00:09:20,400 --> 00:09:26,000 লুকা দাঁড়িয়ে আছে সর্বশেষ সর্বজনীন সাধারণ পূর্বপুরুষের জন্য। 104 00:09:26,000 --> 00:09:30,200 সুতরাং, এর শুধু এই সম্পর্কে চিন্তা করা যাক এক মুহুর্তের জন্য, কারণ এটি ছিল 105 00:09:30,200 --> 00:09:34,280 এককোষী জীব, সম্পূর্ণরূপে একটি বিশ্বের চারপাশে ভাসমান 106 00:09:34,280 --> 00:09:40,800 আমাদের নিজেদের জন্য এলিয়েন, যা জন্ম দিয়েছে আমাদের গ্রহের প্রতিটি জীবন্ত জিনিসের কাছে। 107 00:09:40,800 --> 00:09:44,960 এটাই আমি, এটাই তুমি, এইটুকুই প্রাণী, সমস্ত গাছপালা, 108 00:09:44,960 --> 00:09:48,520 সমস্ত ছত্রাক, সমস্ত ব্যাকটেরিয়া, সবকিছু! 109 00:09:48,520 --> 00:09:51,080 সুতরাং, LUCA শুধুমাত্র একটি চতুর নয় আদ্যক্ষর 110 00:09:51,080 --> 00:09:53,440 জীববিজ্ঞান ক্লাসের বাইরে কিছু। 111 00:09:53,440 --> 00:09:59,080 LUCA বিন্দু সংজ্ঞায়িত করে যেখানে জীবনের গল্প যেমন আমরা জানি 112 00:09:59,080 --> 00:10:00,120 সত্যিই শুরু. 113 00:10:06,080 --> 00:10:08,840 LUCA এর কোন জীবাশ্ম নেই... 114 00:10:11,000 --> 00:10:14,160 .. কিন্তু সব জীবন্ত কারণ জিনিস ডিএনএ আছে 115 00:10:14,160 --> 00:10:19,400 এবং একই জেনেটিক কোড ব্যবহার করি, আমরা একটি ভাগ করা মূল হতে হবে জানি. 116 00:10:23,120 --> 00:10:24,600 ওটা দেখো। 117 00:10:24,600 --> 00:10:28,080 কিন্তু লুকা কেন এবং এর বংশধররা বেঁচে আছে... 118 00:10:28,080 --> 00:10:32,240 ওহ! ..যখন ট্রিলিয়ন অন্যদের অদৃশ্য হয়ে গেল? 119 00:10:32,240 --> 00:10:34,800 যে আসলে শুরু আমার হাত পোড়াতে 120 00:10:36,120 --> 00:10:40,600 পৃথিবীর মধ্যে ক্লু পাওয়া যাবে সবচেয়ে চরম জায়গা। 121 00:10:42,240 --> 00:10:45,440 আমি ওখান থেকে হাত সরিয়ে নিতে চাই। এতই গরম। 122 00:10:49,920 --> 00:10:54,120 সঙ্গে ক্ষারীয় জল আপ 86 ডিগ্রি সেন্টিগ্রেড থেকে... 123 00:10:57,320 --> 00:11:01,680 ..এগুলো বৈরী ধরনের পরিস্থিতি LUCA সহ্য করে থাকতে পারে। 124 00:11:03,480 --> 00:11:05,080 কিন্তু তবুও, দেখুন। 125 00:11:05,080 --> 00:11:08,120 জীবন সহ্য করছে এখানে সব বৃত্তাকার. 126 00:11:14,040 --> 00:11:17,400 আমি জানি তুমি কি ভাবছ, এটা খুব একটা ভালো লাগে না, 127 00:11:17,400 --> 00:11:22,200 এবং অবশ্যই আমাদের তুলনায়, এই বেশ সহজ জিনিস. 128 00:11:22,200 --> 00:11:24,560 কিন্তু আমি আপনাকে বলতে হবে, এটা না. 129 00:11:24,560 --> 00:11:27,480 এখানে কোষের মধ্যে আছে সবচেয়ে জটিল 130 00:11:27,480 --> 00:11:30,160 পরিচিত মহাবিশ্বের জিনিস। 131 00:11:30,160 --> 00:11:33,800 এই কোষ প্রতিটি এক শক্তি উৎপন্ন করছে, 132 00:11:33,800 --> 00:11:36,160 সেই শক্তি বিতরণ করা, বর্জ্য মোকাবেলা। 133 00:11:36,160 --> 00:11:40,840 এটি তার পরিবেশের প্রতি সংবেদনশীল, এটা প্রজনন 134 00:11:40,840 --> 00:11:44,760 এই কোষগুলোর প্রত্যেকটিই বেশি যেকোনো মেশিনের চেয়ে জটিল 135 00:11:44,760 --> 00:11:46,880 কখনও কোন মানুষের দ্বারা তৈরি. 136 00:11:49,040 --> 00:11:54,480 ঠিক এই কোষগুলির মতো, LUCA ছিল জটিল, মজবুত, স্থিতিস্থাপক... 137 00:11:55,880 --> 00:11:59,520 ..যা এটি সাহায্য করতে পারে প্রতিকূলতার বিরুদ্ধে আঁকড়ে থাকা। 138 00:12:01,080 --> 00:12:07,040 এখন, আমরা জানি যে লুকা ছিলেন না প্রথম কোষ এবং এটি মধ্যে বসবাস 139 00:12:07,040 --> 00:12:11,480 অন্যান্য কোষ, কিন্তু এটি কি তৈরি করেছে বিশেষ করে এটি শুধু বেঁচে ছিল না, 140 00:12:11,480 --> 00:12:14,520 এটা বিকশিত, এটা বেঁচে. 141 00:12:14,520 --> 00:12:17,280 রাসায়নিকের সেই ছোট্ট বুদবুদ, 142 00:12:17,280 --> 00:12:20,240 বিশৃঙ্খলার মধ্যে গঠিত বিলিয়ন বছর আগে। 143 00:12:26,720 --> 00:12:31,000 LUCA ছোট সেল যে পারে. 144 00:12:35,840 --> 00:12:37,760 লাকি? হ্যাঁ। 145 00:12:37,760 --> 00:12:40,600 ভাগ্যবান? প্রায় অবশ্যই... 146 00:12:42,520 --> 00:12:46,840 ..কিন্তু এতে জীবনের শ্রেষ্ঠত্বও আছে বেঁচে থাকার কৌশল। 147 00:13:00,720 --> 00:13:03,640 LUCA নিজেই কপি করতে পারে। 148 00:13:04,960 --> 00:13:07,440 ভাল তার জেনেটিক রাখা যথেষ্ট লাইন যাচ্ছে... 149 00:13:09,680 --> 00:13:13,640 ..কিন্তু এত নিখুঁতভাবে নয় যে প্রতিটি অনুলিপি অভিন্ন। 150 00:13:16,600 --> 00:13:21,520 প্রতিটি নতুন প্রজন্মের সাথে, ক্ষুদ্র ত্রুটি, মিউটেশন, 151 00:13:21,520 --> 00:13:22,960 তার ডিএনএ মধ্যে হামাগুড়ি. 152 00:13:25,720 --> 00:13:31,600 এবং এখনও এই তথাকথিত ভুল জ্বালানী বিবর্তন। 153 00:13:34,000 --> 00:13:38,360 আমাদের আধুনিকতার গল্প, জীবন্ত পৃথিবী শুরু হয়েছে। 154 00:13:42,880 --> 00:13:45,480 এখন দ্রুত এগিয়ে আঘাত করার পালা। 155 00:13:48,360 --> 00:13:51,720 মানে, আপনি চার বিলিয়ন কভার করতে পারবেন না বিবর্তনের বছর ছাড়া 156 00:13:51,720 --> 00:13:53,280 কিছু অধ্যায় এড়িয়ে যাওয়া। 157 00:13:55,960 --> 00:13:58,120 প্রজন্মের পর প্রজন্ম, 158 00:13:58,120 --> 00:14:02,240 সামান্য ভুলের দিকে নিয়ে যায় সম্পূর্ণ নতুন জীবন ফর্ম। 159 00:14:04,200 --> 00:14:09,760 কিছু কোষ ক্যাপচার করতে শুরু করে সূর্যালোক - উদ্ভিদের পূর্বপুরুষ। 160 00:14:12,360 --> 00:14:17,360 অন্যরা খাওয়ানোর সাথে খাপ খাইয়ে নেবে ক্ষয় উপর - ছত্রাক. 161 00:14:22,600 --> 00:14:28,280 অনেকে ছোট এবং সরল থাকে - জীবাণুর লুকানো জগত। 162 00:14:33,600 --> 00:14:36,280 কিন্তু কোষ যে দেবে হাতির দিকে ওঠা 163 00:14:36,280 --> 00:14:37,960 একটি খুব ভিন্ন পথ নিন... 164 00:14:41,800 --> 00:14:45,360 ..সাড়ে তিন বিলিয়ন LUCA এর বছর পর... 165 00:14:48,000 --> 00:14:51,320 .. পৃথিবী যখন গভীরে থাকে জমা 166 00:15:04,600 --> 00:15:09,720 এটি একটি তীব্র সময়কাল গ্লোবাল কুলিং। 167 00:15:09,720 --> 00:15:15,360 বরফ গ্রহকে আঁকড়ে ধরে, এবং খাদ্য জাল ভেঙ্গে পড়ছে। 168 00:15:17,760 --> 00:15:21,240 কিন্তু ঠান্ডা এবং অন্ধকারের মধ্যে কোথাও, 169 00:15:21,240 --> 00:15:25,840 একটি ক্ষুধার্ত সেল সম্পর্কে সবকিছু পরিবর্তন করতে। 170 00:15:37,160 --> 00:15:41,760 খাওয়ানোর প্রয়োজনীয়তা মহান এক বিবর্তনের চালিকা শক্তি। 171 00:15:41,760 --> 00:15:45,160 যে কোন প্রাণী তার খাদ্য খুঁজে পেতে পারে আরও দক্ষতার সাথে আরও বেশি 172 00:15:45,160 --> 00:15:49,640 বেঁচে থাকার এবং এর জিন পাস করার সম্ভাবনা পরবর্তী প্রজন্মের মধ্যে, 173 00:15:49,640 --> 00:15:54,840 যেমন ছিল 600 মিলিয়ন বছর আগে 174 00:15:54,840 --> 00:15:59,040 যখন একটি একক কোষ একটি অগ্রগতির দ্বারপ্রান্তে ছিল, 175 00:15:59,040 --> 00:16:01,960 একটি যুগান্তকারী যে হবে অবিশ্বাস্য নেতৃত্ব 176 00:16:01,960 --> 00:16:05,880 প্রায় সব বৈচিত্র্য প্রাণী জীবন আসতে. 177 00:16:13,440 --> 00:16:16,560 প্রাচীনের সাথে দেখা করুন হাতির পূর্বপুরুষ... 178 00:16:17,560 --> 00:16:20,600 ..সত্যিই সব ধরনের প্রাণী। 179 00:16:28,720 --> 00:16:33,040 Urchoanozoan এখন আছে শক্তির জন্য মাইটোকন্ড্রিয়া... 180 00:16:35,440 --> 00:16:37,360 নিয়ন্ত্রণের জন্য একটি নিউক্লিয়াস... 181 00:16:40,680 --> 00:16:43,400 ..এবং নড়াচড়া করার জন্য একটি লেজের মতো ফ্ল্যাজেলাম। 182 00:16:46,560 --> 00:16:49,080 কিন্তু একটা জিনিস বদলায়নি... 183 00:16:51,600 --> 00:16:54,280 ..এই কোষটি এখনও ছোট... 184 00:16:56,600 --> 00:16:59,560 ..মাত্র 100তম এক মিলিমিটার জুড়ে। 185 00:17:04,720 --> 00:17:08,040 এটি একটি ছোট কোষ একটি বড় সমস্যা সঙ্গে। 186 00:17:10,280 --> 00:17:13,320 খাদ্য নিষ্ঠুরভাবে দুষ্প্রাপ্য। 187 00:17:16,560 --> 00:17:22,880 আর সেই কোষের প্রাচীন ক্ষুধা একটি নতুন কোর্সে জীবন সেট হতে পারে. 188 00:17:24,960 --> 00:17:30,040 এবং আপনি কিভাবে দেখতে পারেন, ধন্যবাদ আজ জীবিত একটি অসাধারণ প্রাণী। 189 00:17:34,800 --> 00:17:36,240 {\an8}আপনি হয়তো ভাবছেন, কী আছে 190 00:17:36,240 --> 00:17:39,400 এই মত পোকা একটি ভর পেয়েছিলাম 191 00:17:39,400 --> 00:17:43,200 একটি প্রাচীন সঙ্গে করতে এককোষী জীব? 192 00:17:43,200 --> 00:17:48,000 ওয়েল, মোচড় হয় যে খাবারের সন্ধানে, 193 00:17:48,000 --> 00:17:51,320 তারা উভয় সঙ্গে এসেছিল একটি অনুরূপ সমাধান ... 194 00:17:52,840 --> 00:17:55,080 ..এবং এটি সংখ্যার নিচে। 195 00:17:57,600 --> 00:18:01,040 তুমি দেখো, একক পিঁপড়া খুব ভালো নয় 196 00:18:01,040 --> 00:18:05,800 যখন এটা অপ্রতিরোধ্য শিকার আসে. 197 00:18:05,800 --> 00:18:08,960 তারা খুব ছোট, তাদের শক্তি নেই। 198 00:18:08,960 --> 00:18:14,000 সুতরাং, তারা কি করেছে গণহত্যার যন্ত্রে পরিণত হয়। 199 00:18:16,640 --> 00:18:21,080 প্রতিটি এক ব্যক্তির আছে সেই যন্ত্রের কগ হয়ে উঠুন, 200 00:18:21,080 --> 00:18:24,040 এবং এর মানে হল যে তারা অনেক বেশি দক্ষ 201 00:18:24,040 --> 00:18:28,880 এটা যাহা হ্যান্ডেল আসে যখন তারা খেতে যাচ্ছে. 202 00:18:28,880 --> 00:18:31,040 ওহ! সব ঠিক আছে। 203 00:18:33,560 --> 00:18:37,600 এই পিঁপড়াগুলি এক দৈত্য হিসাবে কাজ করে জীব... 204 00:18:40,640 --> 00:18:44,760 .. সঙ্গে তাদের খাবার অপ্রতিরোধ্য সংখ্যার নিছক বল... 205 00:18:47,640 --> 00:18:51,960 ..এবং যখন তারা ঝাঁক দেয়, প্রায় সবকিছু মেনুতে আছে। 206 00:18:54,040 --> 00:18:57,600 ক্রিকেট, শুঁয়োপোকা, অথবা, যদি তারা আহত হয়, 207 00:18:57,600 --> 00:19:04,080 এমনকি মুরগি, ছাগল এবং শূকর এবং, এটা অনুভব করে, এমনকি একটি Packham! 208 00:19:04,080 --> 00:19:08,960 এবং যারা সঙ্গে সমান্তরাল আছে প্রাচীন এককোষী জীব, 209 00:19:08,960 --> 00:19:13,960 কারণ তারা দত্তক নিতে চলেছে একটি অনুরূপ কৌশল যা হবে 210 00:19:13,960 --> 00:19:15,400 ukupilibula icalo... 211 00:19:16,440 --> 00:19:18,000 ..umuyayaya. 212 00:19:18,000 --> 00:19:20,360 Oh, ubusuma bwandi! 213 00:19:20,360 --> 00:19:24,000 Ici calo candi calyaluka umuyayaya, ine tontonkanyeni, ukuba uwa cine cine kuli imwe. 214 00:19:24,000 --> 00:19:27,800 Kuli bamo pali bene mu fifulo . ukuti tamwakabe no kubapanga filimu. 215 00:19:27,800 --> 00:19:29,120 Fumenipo! 216 00:19:33,280 --> 00:19:36,560 Imyaka ukucila pali 600 iyapitapo, 217 00:19:36,560 --> 00:19:40,600 Iciputulwa ca nshita cili mupepi no ukucita icintu cimo ica kwalula. 218 00:19:45,480 --> 00:19:49,400 Pa muulu wa iko paliba ifya kufwala . na ma molekyulu ayakakatika... 219 00:19:53,200 --> 00:19:55,280 ..kabili ilyo inshita yafika . ukwakanya... 220 00:19:57,200 --> 00:20:00,800 ..mucifulo ca kusendama pa menshi ku kwikala imikalile iyaibela... 221 00:20:03,200 --> 00:20:06,080 ..ababili bashala abaikatana pamo. 222 00:20:09,560 --> 00:20:11,480 Batwalilila ukukansana. 223 00:20:13,600 --> 00:20:16,280 Ama cell ayengi yalakakatila pamo... 224 00:20:18,280 --> 00:20:19,320 ...ukufika... 225 00:20:20,640 --> 00:20:23,280 ..amafomu ya bucibusa ubukulu. 226 00:20:30,560 --> 00:20:32,720 Iitwa Intanda ya Mfwa... 227 00:20:34,960 --> 00:20:38,400 ..cikulu 100 ukucila pa cipindami cimo... 228 00:20:43,160 --> 00:20:46,840 ..kabili cili na fimo uwa lubali lwa mfifi kuli wene. 229 00:20:55,680 --> 00:20:58,120 Ilyo ifipesha amano fyonse fyalepuupuutuka, 230 00:20:58,120 --> 00:21:00,400 bapanga ifya maka imimana ya menshi... 231 00:21:04,360 --> 00:21:08,840 ..ukukopa mu fibashi kanshi Intanda ya Mfwa kuti yalya. 232 00:21:12,720 --> 00:21:16,880 Ukufuma ku maselo ayakakatika pamo kwaishile inshila iipya iya kwikalamo. 233 00:21:18,440 --> 00:21:22,520 Icintu ica mweo ica maselo ayengi cipangwa. 234 00:21:27,600 --> 00:21:31,400 Mu myaka amamilioni 100 ayakonkelepo, 235 00:21:31,400 --> 00:21:34,640 aba mu lupwa lwa Ntanda ya Mfwa ukutwalilila ukukula... 236 00:21:36,960 --> 00:21:39,640 ..te mu bukulu fye, 237 00:21:39,640 --> 00:21:41,160 lelo mu bwafya... 238 00:21:43,320 --> 00:21:46,800 ..nga umo umo ama cell yatendeka ukusambilila... 239 00:21:50,400 --> 00:21:54,640 ..ukufika ilyo icintu cimo cine cine ukwaluka kwaisa... 240 00:21:57,600 --> 00:22:00,120 ..imibili ya kubalilapo pe sonde. 241 00:22:11,320 --> 00:22:17,720 Bemba nomba alifuuta . kabili fyaisulamo imisango ya mweo. 242 00:22:17,720 --> 00:22:22,880 Kabili ukufisama pa kati kabo . ni shikulu wa nsofu. 243 00:22:33,840 --> 00:22:36,440 Tapali umukonko, tapali amenso... 244 00:22:38,120 --> 00:22:42,040 ..icishishifye, amamilimita yatatu mu butali, 245 00:22:42,040 --> 00:22:45,280 ukuikokola umwine ukupula umupaka wa bemba. 246 00:22:48,000 --> 00:22:49,920 Ukusanguka kwacipeele umubili, . 247 00:22:49,920 --> 00:22:54,520 lelo cimo icacepa nga nshi kabili icayanguka kuti mwacimona fye. 248 00:23:01,920 --> 00:23:04,040 Ukupanga icintu icikulu 249 00:23:04,040 --> 00:23:08,960 kabili ifyakosa nga nshi kuti fyafwaya icakubikamo cimo icacindama... 250 00:23:10,120 --> 00:23:11,640 ..umupashi wa mweo. 251 00:23:11,640 --> 00:23:16,400 Mu kati ka maselo yonse aya mu mubili wesu a . ukutenta ukwacepa, ukwakonkwapo kulecitika. 252 00:23:16,400 --> 00:23:19,040 Takuli ne milungu, mu cine cine, . ico kuti caba ica kusakamana. 253 00:23:19,040 --> 00:23:23,280 Lelo nga filya fine uyu mulilo, . tulekabila umwela wa oxygen pa kuti tufumye amaka. 254 00:23:25,440 --> 00:23:29,040 Nga takuli iyo, twali no kupopomenwa fye no kufwa. 255 00:23:32,520 --> 00:23:37,880 Lelo ku nama sha kale, . umwela wa oxygen wali ukufuma sana ku kufikapo. 256 00:23:42,760 --> 00:23:46,200 Nakwata ifipe fimo ifya mu mpanga pano, ifibumbwa ifisuma, 257 00:23:46,200 --> 00:23:50,360 ifibumbwa fya ku bwaice, . lelo te kuti cibe icakosa nga nshi, 258 00:23:50,360 --> 00:23:52,480 makamaka nga ca kuti tulelanda pa kupuma. 259 00:23:52,480 --> 00:23:54,680 Mwamona, nga filya fine cali kuli shilya nama sha kubalilapo, . 260 00:23:54,680 --> 00:23:56,600 bapuma ukupitila mu nkanda shabo. 261 00:23:57,680 --> 00:24:00,520 Cilapita, kabili nga ca kuti fye catonta, 262 00:24:00,520 --> 00:24:03,400 kuti bafumya umwela ukufuma mu muulu. 263 00:24:03,400 --> 00:24:07,960 Lelo elenganyeni ukuti muli no mweo . imyaka citika wa bilioni iyapitapo. 264 00:24:07,960 --> 00:24:10,440 Uli umunono ukucila pali ici, kabili ukwikala pa nshi . 265 00:24:10,440 --> 00:24:15,120 ya bemba umo umwela wa oxygen . ukupeelwa kwacepa nga nshi. 266 00:24:15,120 --> 00:24:18,560 Ubumi bwali ubunono, ubumi bwali ubunono, . 267 00:24:18,560 --> 00:24:20,720 ubumi bwali bwafilwa. 268 00:24:25,400 --> 00:24:30,080 Lelo ici cipupu ca kale calipumfyanishiwa . pa nshila iipya iya 269 00:24:30,080 --> 00:24:32,160 ukukosha ukupeelwa kwa iko ukwa mwela wa oxygen. 270 00:24:36,640 --> 00:24:40,640 Utushishi utunono ukushinguluka umubili wa iko, ukubomfiwa ku kusefa ifya kulya, 271 00:24:40,640 --> 00:24:43,880 nomba baleipekanya mu mutalalila ku mulimo upya. 272 00:24:45,280 --> 00:24:49,480 Bakwata amaka ya ukukopa umupashi uukalamba... 273 00:24:51,480 --> 00:24:55,480 ..intendekelo ya kwaluka iyo ikasuminisha ifibumbwa uku . 274 00:24:55,480 --> 00:24:57,960 ukukula no kukosa. 275 00:25:00,960 --> 00:25:04,720 Kabili ukucimfya abacimfyanya . ni fyo fyonse fyaba. 276 00:25:11,120 --> 00:25:17,360 Inkulo ne nkulo, ifinono amapindo mu kati ka fibumba yalekulilako, 277 00:25:17,360 --> 00:25:23,960 ukupeta, ukupilibula, ubupilibulo icifulo icakulisha, 278 00:25:23,960 --> 00:25:25,360 umwela uukalamba... 279 00:25:26,480 --> 00:25:31,080 ..ukufika ku cipya conse iciputulwa ca mubili cilakula. 280 00:25:39,200 --> 00:25:42,840 Mu kufwailisha ukwaluka ya nsofu nelyo, pa mulandu wa cilya, . 281 00:25:42,840 --> 00:25:44,760 inama imbi iili yonse iya pa nshi iyakulisha, . 282 00:25:44,760 --> 00:25:49,400 ukumoneka kwa fibumba takwaba inshita ya cishibilo iyaumfwika. 283 00:25:49,400 --> 00:25:51,800 Na kuba, insofu tashaishibikwa pakuti 284 00:25:51,800 --> 00:25:54,640 amaka yabo aya kusamba muli bemba uwashika. 285 00:25:54,640 --> 00:26:00,080 Lelo ukumoneka kwa . gills yali ukucila pa kulundulula ukunono. 286 00:26:00,080 --> 00:26:03,160 Caali ukubutuka kwa kwaluka ukwa kwaluka. 287 00:26:07,200 --> 00:26:10,160 Ici ecifulo ca ku Yunna. 288 00:26:10,160 --> 00:26:14,040 Caleikala mu nshita ya Cambrian . mupepi ne myaka amamilioni 500 iyapitapo. 289 00:26:14,040 --> 00:26:19,600 Nicinshi ico cicitika? Eico, tacali icisoko, tacalipo isabi, 290 00:26:19,600 --> 00:26:22,800 lelo cinshi cilenga . icakusekesha ni ici... 291 00:26:22,800 --> 00:26:26,000 Kuti wamona ifi ifya masako . imipangile 292 00:26:26,000 --> 00:26:28,480 ukubutuka panshi pano mu milongo. 293 00:26:28,480 --> 00:26:32,280 Aba sayansi bamo basumina ukuti ici . ni bushininkisho bwa kubalilapo . 294 00:26:32,280 --> 00:26:35,000 ukuti twasangile ifya gill. 295 00:26:37,440 --> 00:26:40,520 Amapepala ayatuntulu nga aya kuti fyakulilako nga nshi 296 00:26:40,520 --> 00:26:43,640 incende ya pamulu ifyo fyakuma amenshi... 297 00:26:44,960 --> 00:26:49,720 ..ukupeela inama amaka pakuti bakwate umwela uukalamba uwa oxygen. 298 00:26:51,480 --> 00:26:55,320 Kabili, mu cine cine, oxygen ukucilapo cipilibula amaka ayengi. 299 00:26:55,320 --> 00:26:59,480 Ico kuti capilibula imibili iikalamba, . ukupita bwangu. 300 00:26:59,480 --> 00:27:04,320 Uku kupanga kwabikile intanshi, te ku nswi fye, 301 00:27:04,320 --> 00:27:07,760 nangu ku nsofu, lelo na kabili kuli iwe na kuli ine. 302 00:27:09,600 --> 00:27:13,120 Tulafwaisha ukutontonkanya pa fipimo . nga cintu ca nswi, 303 00:27:13,120 --> 00:27:16,800 lelo lintu fye bali abasuma ifingi ifya muntu onse. 304 00:27:18,320 --> 00:27:19,360 Icinyama conse ica mu menshi... 305 00:27:21,120 --> 00:27:23,880 ..icipupu, icinyuni, 306 00:27:23,880 --> 00:27:28,920 inama yonse iya mweo ilelo bafumine ku fikolwe ifyakwata amagill. 307 00:27:31,200 --> 00:27:35,680 E ico, nga ca kuti ama gills yali ni ntontonkanya iisuma nga nshi, 308 00:27:35,680 --> 00:27:38,680 mulandu nshi abengi pali ifwe twabafumishe? 309 00:27:46,960 --> 00:27:52,120 E ico, mu kati ka iyi nswi muli icilangililo ca kuti . cimo ica fipuupu fyacilapo ukucincimusha ifya kwaluka. 310 00:27:54,960 --> 00:27:58,240 Moneni ici cinyama ica kupapusha. 311 00:27:59,480 --> 00:28:06,560 Ici cimenwa cipya cipya kabili te nswi ya pa ŋanda. 312 00:28:06,560 --> 00:28:09,240 Nalosha mukutila, pa muulu cilemoneka nga eel. 313 00:28:09,240 --> 00:28:13,080 Ici cikwata umusana uutali fin ukubutuka inshila yonse 314 00:28:13,080 --> 00:28:16,160 ukubwelela panshi kuli ici cine cine ukufuuta umucila pano. 315 00:28:16,160 --> 00:28:19,400 Ukupanga amabwe ayasuma, lelo moneni... 316 00:28:19,400 --> 00:28:21,960 Moneni ifi fipimo ifipuupuutuka . ifyo filefuma. 317 00:28:21,960 --> 00:28:26,720 Babili ku ntanshi pano, kabili na bambi babili ku numa. 318 00:28:31,680 --> 00:28:35,000 Mu cine cine, fintu cali cinyama icalemoneka ica kupapa! 319 00:28:36,320 --> 00:28:38,640 Lelo ndecingililwa ku mulandu ukalamba. 320 00:28:38,640 --> 00:28:43,920 Icalenga ukuti cibe icaibela ca kuti . kuti yaikala mu menshi ayaimikwa nga nshi, . 321 00:28:43,920 --> 00:28:46,600 amenshi ayapalamisha . ukwabula umwela wa mwela, 322 00:28:46,600 --> 00:28:50,720 kabili kuti cacita ifyo . pantu ni nswi iyakwata inkama. 323 00:28:50,720 --> 00:28:53,680 Nomba, calicindama nga nshi, nga nshi... 324 00:28:53,680 --> 00:28:55,760 Nga kuti naesha ukucibuula... 325 00:28:55,760 --> 00:28:59,240 Nali no kumona iminwe yandi, pantu calikwata ifyanso ifisuma 326 00:28:59,240 --> 00:29:01,880 na meno ya maka, aya kufimba. 327 00:29:01,880 --> 00:29:04,760 Uwa! Iseni. 328 00:29:04,760 --> 00:29:06,600 Fintu cali kasitoma uwatelemuka. 329 00:29:06,600 --> 00:29:08,720 Nalefwaya fye ukuti ube ukufikapo ukumona akanwa ka iko, . 330 00:29:08,720 --> 00:29:11,720 pantu cipita muli ulya kanwa ukutila kuti calenga 331 00:29:11,720 --> 00:29:17,320 mu kufwaya ukufuuta umwela uwashika, mu cipe icakwata umushipa wa mulopa 332 00:29:17,320 --> 00:29:20,560 apo umwela wa oxygen wingasalangana 333 00:29:20,560 --> 00:29:23,280 ukulungatika mu mishipa ya iko inshila. 334 00:29:25,880 --> 00:29:26,920 Uko! 335 00:29:29,560 --> 00:29:33,320 Icimenwa ica mu mpanga, ilyo e shina lya iko ilya sayansi, 336 00:29:33,320 --> 00:29:36,640 lelo uku kwaluka kulapeela . ni shina lya iko ilyaishibikwa. 337 00:29:38,040 --> 00:29:44,720 Iyi te nswi iyafuma mu menshi, . ukufika fye na ku nswi ya mu mapapu pa mpanga. 338 00:29:50,680 --> 00:29:56,480 Uku kufikapo kwa kunwa umwela intanshi . ukusanguka mu nswi amamilioni 400 339 00:29:56,480 --> 00:30:02,240 imyaka iyapitapo, nga ukusunga ukwayanguka . ukupanga amenshi ayacepa aya oxygen. 340 00:30:02,240 --> 00:30:07,440 Lelo amapapu yali no kuba infungulo ku . cimo ica fipuupu ifikulu ifya kwaluka... 341 00:30:09,760 --> 00:30:11,960 ..ukubutuka pa mpanga. 342 00:30:15,720 --> 00:30:20,920 Tulebutuka mu nshita na kabili, imyaka fye amamilioni 300. 343 00:30:24,240 --> 00:30:27,040 Ilyo inama shaleingila ififulo ifipya... 344 00:30:29,120 --> 00:30:33,080 ..ifipimo fyalyalwike, ama gill yalilubile... 345 00:30:35,720 --> 00:30:37,680 ..imibili iyapilibulwa. 346 00:30:40,560 --> 00:30:43,040 Lelo tulebuula ilyashi lya nsofu... 347 00:30:46,440 --> 00:30:48,920 {\an8}..pa nshita ya kukumanya iya kwaluka. 348 00:31:02,680 --> 00:31:04,920 Mu nshita ya ba dinosa, . 349 00:31:04,920 --> 00:31:08,040 ubumi bwali no kuya icine cine XXL. 350 00:31:09,440 --> 00:31:12,680 Inama ishikulu ukucila fyonse ukwenda pa Calo. 351 00:31:19,640 --> 00:31:24,480 Lelo umufyashi wa nsofu . yashala fye iyacepa iya cipyu. 352 00:31:30,040 --> 00:31:34,360 Ici cibumba icinono ca kutendekelako . AbaAfrica. 353 00:31:38,240 --> 00:31:42,440 Cakwata inshila iitali iya kupitamo ilyo . kuti cakulilako pa mulu wa Savana, 354 00:31:42,440 --> 00:31:46,200 lelo ubukulu bwa iko ubunono . ali mupepi no kulipila. 355 00:31:49,960 --> 00:31:52,840 Icikulu nga nshi iciputulwa ca libwe cileisa. 356 00:31:55,240 --> 00:31:58,640 Inshita yalipwa iya ba dinosaur abakulu. 357 00:32:00,120 --> 00:32:04,320 Ifintu ifyakuloba kwa bantu abengi tafileya bwino ku nama ishikulu. 358 00:32:04,320 --> 00:32:06,680 Balakabila ifya kulya ifingi nga nshi . ilyo takuli ifingi pa lwa, 359 00:32:06,680 --> 00:32:08,520 balacelwa ukufyala, 360 00:32:08,520 --> 00:32:11,480 tekuti babwelelemo fye ukubwelela bwangu bwangu. 361 00:32:11,480 --> 00:32:15,560 Pa kuti mube no mweo, mulekabila . ukuba uwacenjela, uwalinga, 362 00:32:15,560 --> 00:32:18,960 lelo ukucila pali fyonse, . mufwile ukuba abacepesha. 363 00:32:18,960 --> 00:32:21,840 Panono nga uyu chap umunono pano. 364 00:32:21,840 --> 00:32:24,360 Ni kwi ali? Pano alipo. 365 00:32:24,360 --> 00:32:26,080 Moneni ifyo. 366 00:32:26,080 --> 00:32:29,800 Ico ni cimuti ca nseke. 367 00:32:29,800 --> 00:32:31,920 Caba mupepi ne myeshi ine nelyo isano. 368 00:32:31,920 --> 00:32:33,920 Fintu cali icawama panono! 369 00:32:35,120 --> 00:32:38,880 Ici cimuti ca hyrax ni . umwana wa nkumbabulili uwakulishiwe ku minwe, 370 00:32:38,880 --> 00:32:42,920 ukutusuminisha ukukwata amano . mufyo insofu ingakwata 371 00:32:42,920 --> 00:32:45,400 calemoneka ngefyo tacali icakulilako... 372 00:32:46,720 --> 00:32:49,080 ..pantu, ukusumina nelyo iyo, 373 00:32:49,080 --> 00:32:53,960 hyrax ni imo iya nsofu ifibusa fyapalamisha ifya mweo. 374 00:32:55,640 --> 00:32:59,400 OK, aleisa, nangu ca kuti panono panono. Iseni. 375 00:33:05,200 --> 00:33:06,800 Nga pali ifyo? 376 00:33:06,800 --> 00:33:10,600 Natunkwa ukubomfya "ishiwi lya c". Nacipilibula ukuti, ali uwayemba ukwabula ukutwishika. 377 00:33:10,600 --> 00:33:12,320 Moneni ubukulu bwa menso ayo. 378 00:33:14,200 --> 00:33:16,680 Pa numa ya kusansalikwa, kuti . 379 00:33:16,680 --> 00:33:20,960 fyaba inama sha musango uyu ifyo fyashele ukupitapita mu Calo. 380 00:33:20,960 --> 00:33:24,720 Imisango yonse iya fibumbwa ifikulu kuti yakwata . yafuminepo umupwilapo. 381 00:33:24,720 --> 00:33:26,760 Hee, iseni. 382 00:33:26,760 --> 00:33:28,120 Ukutontonkanya pa makasa yobe. 383 00:33:32,920 --> 00:33:35,840 Kabili kuti wamona ukuti calisungwa . fimo ifya mibele 384 00:33:35,840 --> 00:33:37,520 ico cabafwile ukucingililwa. 385 00:33:37,520 --> 00:33:40,480 Cayanguka, cacenjela, ukwabula ukutwishika, 386 00:33:40,480 --> 00:33:43,040 kabili yalishiba ifya kwikala . ukufuma mu mafya. 387 00:33:44,040 --> 00:33:48,040 Lelo, mwalishiba, ilya nshita ya kupwa tacali fye pa lwa konaula. 388 00:33:48,040 --> 00:33:51,680 Na kabili calipeele . icifulo ca nshita, 389 00:33:51,680 --> 00:33:55,440 icalo conse ukupya ku kubwelulushiwamo. 390 00:34:01,240 --> 00:34:03,760 Ukwabula umukankaala amadinaso ayakucimfyanya... 391 00:34:05,040 --> 00:34:10,560 ..Africa yali iya fye iciputulwa ca kwaluka ukubutuka ubusanso. 392 00:34:12,400 --> 00:34:15,600 Ifimenwa tafionaula inshita ukubwelela ku numa. 393 00:34:18,280 --> 00:34:22,840 Lelo umufyashi wa nsofu . yashala iyacepa kabili iya boya. 394 00:34:24,000 --> 00:34:27,960 Pa kuti cikule, cilakabila ifya kulya . kabili ifingi ifya iko. 395 00:34:29,440 --> 00:34:33,200 Lelo iciputulwa icakosa te . ukusanga ifya kulya fya cungulo. 396 00:34:33,200 --> 00:34:34,840 Ici cilya. 397 00:34:43,440 --> 00:34:45,680 Ifimenwa fifwile fyayanguka ukulya, te fyo? 398 00:34:45,680 --> 00:34:48,080 Pa numa ya fyonse, te kuti babutuke, . 399 00:34:48,080 --> 00:34:50,920 tekuti balwishe kabili bali konse uko bali. 400 00:34:52,080 --> 00:34:54,960 E ico, te fyo fine, pantu caumfwika, 401 00:34:54,960 --> 00:34:57,120 ifimenwa tafyafwaya ukuliwa. 402 00:34:57,120 --> 00:35:00,880 Eico, ilyo tekuti balwishe nangu ukupoka inshila yabo iya kufuma mu mafya, 403 00:35:00,880 --> 00:35:04,800 baishile ne cishinka ica kutiinya . imisango ya bucingililo, iyo 404 00:35:04,800 --> 00:35:09,800 cipilibula ukuti fyonse ifi ifya busaka pano . mupepi no kukanacitika ukulya. 405 00:35:12,640 --> 00:35:18,080 Kuli bafyashi ba nkala, . ifimenwa fyaletele ubwafya bukalamba, 406 00:35:18,080 --> 00:35:22,840 te pa mulandu fye wa myunga nelyo . amatokisini, lelo ifyo fyapangwa. 407 00:35:23,840 --> 00:35:27,640 Nangu ni nama sha muno nshiku shilalwisha ukufigaya. 408 00:35:27,640 --> 00:35:29,040 Icipowe ca kwa nani? 409 00:35:35,440 --> 00:35:40,440 E ico, imwe mwe bakwata ifarmu . kabili amaponi nalimo yakakwata ici. 410 00:35:40,440 --> 00:35:43,360 Iyi ni nkumbabulili. 411 00:35:44,760 --> 00:35:45,920 Moneni ifyo. 412 00:35:45,920 --> 00:35:48,360 Tatwakwata inshita iikalamba iya . ukucitemwa ukufuma ku nse, . 413 00:35:48,360 --> 00:35:50,840 natusambililemo bwangu bwangu. 414 00:35:50,840 --> 00:35:54,080 Nga nakwata ici ciputulwa pano, moneni ifyo! 415 00:35:54,080 --> 00:35:57,840 Cilemoneka kwati ni fipimfya fya mpanga. 416 00:35:57,840 --> 00:36:01,520 Kanshi, ici calipooselwe, calipooselwe, 417 00:36:01,520 --> 00:36:04,520 capita mu mala, inshila yonse ukupitila mu matumbo ya 418 00:36:04,520 --> 00:36:09,520 zebra, kabili nangu cibe fyo tacigaya sana, kabili ico ni pa mulandu wa kuti ubukulu . 419 00:36:09,520 --> 00:36:13,040 ifya fishinka ifyo mwingamona . pano pali icintu cimo icitwa selulosi. 420 00:36:13,040 --> 00:36:17,360 Ni fintu ifikosa ifipeela . ifimenwa amaka yabo no kukosa kwabo. 421 00:36:17,360 --> 00:36:18,880 Lelo tontonkanyeni pali ici. 422 00:36:18,880 --> 00:36:21,640 Nga ca kuti ica muno nshiku, icakosa, 423 00:36:21,640 --> 00:36:25,760 icilyanyi icaibela ica kulya ifya miti nga impanga tekuti nsuminishe bwino ici 424 00:36:25,760 --> 00:36:30,400 ifintu, ni shuko nshi ifyo ifibumbwa fya kubalilapo ifyakwata? 425 00:36:41,240 --> 00:36:46,000 Mu cine cine, tatushininkishe nga ca kuti . ifikolwe fya nsofu 426 00:36:46,000 --> 00:36:51,280 acitile ukubutuka ku kulima ukulya ilyo . nangu pa numa ya cicitika ca kupwa. 427 00:36:53,000 --> 00:36:54,600 Ifilembo fya fiko fyalipusana... 428 00:37:03,880 --> 00:37:06,640 ..lelo twalishiba ukuti ukubutuka kwacitike 429 00:37:06,640 --> 00:37:08,920 ukutasha pa bucibusa ubushingacitika... 430 00:37:16,480 --> 00:37:18,400 Tali ne fishishi ifyo cali no kufwaya. 431 00:37:19,560 --> 00:37:22,440 Na cintu cimo icacepa nga nshi. 432 00:37:22,440 --> 00:37:25,880 Mwamona, mu kati ka kwa shikulu wa nsofu, 433 00:37:25,880 --> 00:37:30,800 ibumba lya bashilika ilya maselo ayashilemoneka ifimenwa ifinono filelongana. 434 00:37:32,600 --> 00:37:34,440 Takuli ukusansa, 435 00:37:34,440 --> 00:37:38,040 ni ntendekelo ya cintu icacindama ukubomba pamo. 436 00:37:40,840 --> 00:37:45,000 Ubusuma bwandi! Nani atila ubukulu te bwacindama? 437 00:37:45,000 --> 00:37:48,200 Ici te cipuna ca nshishi, ni cishibilo ca nkumbabulili! 438 00:37:48,200 --> 00:37:51,360 Ici cifwile ukuba amamita yasano mu butali! 439 00:37:51,360 --> 00:37:55,640 Insofu shaishibikwa pa kulya inkuni . na fimbi ifya kupangapanga, . 440 00:37:55,640 --> 00:37:58,840 lelo mu cine cine, . ilyo te lyashi lyonse. 441 00:37:58,840 --> 00:38:02,840 Bacita ukutafuna, ni fimbi ifintu ifipema ificita ukugaya ifya kulya. 442 00:38:13,280 --> 00:38:18,520 Mu kati ka fipuna fya nshishi, tusanga . cimo ica filonganino fya kupapusha ifya cifyalilwa. 443 00:38:23,440 --> 00:38:26,280 Nomba, Chris Pakamu, umulumendo uwatemwa inama, 444 00:38:26,280 --> 00:38:29,520 mulandu nshi aleonaula icipuna ca nshishi? 445 00:38:29,520 --> 00:38:31,320 Eico, natontonkenyepo inshita itali . kabili icakosa pali ici. 446 00:38:31,320 --> 00:38:34,040 Ica kubalilapo, bali aba kupapusha inama ishashipikisha, 447 00:38:34,040 --> 00:38:36,840 bakakuula cipya cipya ici mu kwangufyanya nga nshi. 448 00:38:36,840 --> 00:38:40,000 Kabili icintu ca bubili ca kuti . ukuti ubushiku bonse, pano konse, . 449 00:38:40,000 --> 00:38:41,760 ifyuni fikabe ifiputuka muli bene. 450 00:38:41,760 --> 00:38:44,880 Mutontonkanye fye pali ine nga nshishi ya buntunse. 451 00:38:44,880 --> 00:38:49,560 Ukulundapo, ifyo ndefwaya . pantu cili fye mwi samba lya mushili. 452 00:38:49,560 --> 00:38:54,000 Kuli ifipesha amano ifingi pano, . lelo ndefwaya icintu cimbi. 453 00:38:54,000 --> 00:38:55,680 Ee! 454 00:38:55,680 --> 00:38:58,120 Umusango umbi uwa mweo uleikala . apa. 455 00:38:58,120 --> 00:38:59,360 Ndetontonkanya ukuti ici eco. 456 00:38:59,360 --> 00:39:01,680 Icinono, ica mutelelwe... 457 00:39:01,680 --> 00:39:03,000 Oh, ee, e fyo caba! 458 00:39:03,000 --> 00:39:04,840 ..kabili ica kupapa icacindama. 459 00:39:04,840 --> 00:39:06,560 Moneni ifyo! 460 00:39:08,520 --> 00:39:12,160 Ico ni cisamu ca nshishi. 461 00:39:12,160 --> 00:39:15,440 {\an8}Nomba, icintu icakusekesha pa lwa iyi fungus ni co kuti mwa . 462 00:39:15,440 --> 00:39:20,760 {\an8}ukucisanga fye mu fipuna fya nshishi, tapali ukuli konse mu calo. 463 00:39:20,760 --> 00:39:24,120 Mwamona, ama termite ya musango wa kulima. 464 00:39:24,120 --> 00:39:27,080 Bafuma no kulonganika . fyonse ifyo ifimenwa ifyafwa, 465 00:39:27,080 --> 00:39:30,440 ifyo bengafilwa ukuipekanya abene, . kabili lyene balabwela . 466 00:39:30,440 --> 00:39:32,720 kabili ukucipeela ku nshishi. 467 00:39:32,720 --> 00:39:35,200 Ici cipupu cilalya umubili wa maselo, 468 00:39:35,200 --> 00:39:39,800 kabili lyene ukucipilibula mu fintu . ifyo ifipesha amano kuti fyalya. 469 00:39:39,800 --> 00:39:41,080 Nga pali ifyo? 470 00:39:42,960 --> 00:39:46,600 Kabili, mu cine cine, te nkumbabulili fye. 471 00:39:48,400 --> 00:39:53,080 Mupepi na bonse abalya ifimenwa kuti mwacita . ishina lyakwata ukugaya ifyakulya 472 00:39:53,080 --> 00:39:54,320 ku fimenwa ifinono. 473 00:39:57,120 --> 00:39:58,480 Ubupusano fye... 474 00:40:01,440 --> 00:40:07,440 ..abengi balasunga ifyakulya fyabo ifya fimenwa ifinono ukufisama bwino bwino mu kati ka matumbo yabo. 475 00:40:09,320 --> 00:40:13,880 Nga fintu fye imibili yesu yatendeke ukukula, . iyi misango ya bucibusa bwatendeke. 476 00:40:13,880 --> 00:40:16,600 Cakosa ukwishiba lintu, nangu cibe fyo, pantu tatukwete nangu cimo 477 00:40:16,600 --> 00:40:20,680 ifyashalapo ifya nama sha kale na bakitiliya mu matumbo yabo. 478 00:40:20,680 --> 00:40:24,240 Lelo icintu cimo ico twaishiba bwino bwino, kabili . e kutila pa myaka amamilioni, . 479 00:40:24,240 --> 00:40:28,440 imisango iingi iya fimenwa naitendeka ukushintilila pa misango ya ifi ifibusa. 480 00:40:28,440 --> 00:40:31,360 Nga tabakwete, nga bafwile fye. 481 00:40:39,680 --> 00:40:45,320 Inshita shimo, ukucincintila kwa kwaluka ukwacilapo te mibele ya ku mubili, 482 00:40:45,320 --> 00:40:47,240 bali ni fibusa. 483 00:40:48,440 --> 00:40:51,880 Na nomba, ukutasha pa fimenwa fya iko ifinono, 484 00:40:51,880 --> 00:40:54,640 ni nshita isuma iya kwesha umuputule wa saladi. 485 00:40:59,120 --> 00:41:01,920 Inkulo ne nkulo, 486 00:41:01,920 --> 00:41:05,320 amabaluni ya matumbo mu fakitare ya kupanga umukaka... 487 00:41:07,480 --> 00:41:10,480 ..isulamo amabilioni pa mabilioni 488 00:41:10,480 --> 00:41:12,560 ya fimenwa ifinono ifilya ifimenwa. 489 00:41:19,680 --> 00:41:23,440 Ifyo fye iwe ukukabila ifya kulya ifyafuma ku fimenwa. 490 00:41:30,320 --> 00:41:33,720 {\an8}Kabili ukucepako pali amamilioni 20 panuma ya myaka... 491 00:41:34,800 --> 00:41:40,000 ..tupokelela ici cibumbwa ica kupapusha, umutuntulu wa kale... 492 00:41:51,840 --> 00:41:55,880 ..lelo naiminina pa cifulo ca mucinshi mita imo mu butali. 493 00:41:57,880 --> 00:42:01,560 Lelo ukusanguka kwafika . ubwafya bwa kupanga bwa iko. 494 00:42:03,280 --> 00:42:08,760 Ici cimenwa calikula amenso ya ku ntanshi. 495 00:42:08,760 --> 00:42:10,880 Icisuma ku kusenda ifimenwa... 496 00:42:17,040 --> 00:42:20,240 ..lelo ameno yakalamba kuti yaba ne filubo. 497 00:42:33,440 --> 00:42:36,280 Iyi e mutwe wa hyrax umukalamba. 498 00:42:37,920 --> 00:42:43,320 Cakwata ifi ifingi nga nshi ifiputulwa fya kufimbapo ifyakulisha kulya. 499 00:42:43,320 --> 00:42:45,240 Bushe ayo meno yabomfiwa shani? 500 00:42:45,240 --> 00:42:48,840 E ico, pa kumona ifipondo, ifintu pamo nga insoka ne nkumba, . 501 00:42:48,840 --> 00:42:51,200 pa kulanga kuli bambi aba hyrax, kabili, nga bacimfya umutande, . 502 00:42:51,200 --> 00:42:53,120 pa kubamona na bo bene. 503 00:42:53,120 --> 00:42:56,840 Lelo tulingile ukuibukisha ukuti . iyi ni nama iyalya ifya kulya fya mpanga. 504 00:42:56,840 --> 00:43:00,360 Bushe cikaba shani ukuluma amabuula na ifi mu nshila? 505 00:43:02,240 --> 00:43:04,440 Eico, cikaba icakosa, . kabili kuti nalanga . 506 00:43:04,440 --> 00:43:10,600 ukuti ukupitila mu kwalula amenso yandi . na fimbi ifyalepa 507 00:43:10,600 --> 00:43:15,400 ifipimo fyandi, kabili lyene esheni . kabili tuka mu saladi wa ng’ombe. 508 00:43:20,080 --> 00:43:23,240 Mu cine cine, te kuti cibombe fye. 509 00:43:23,240 --> 00:43:26,920 Eico, moneni, ilyo amenso yakalamba kuti yaba . ica kupapusha, kabili mu kushininkisha balikwata . 510 00:43:26,920 --> 00:43:30,880 imibomfeshe yabo, nga uli uwa kulya ifya miti, kuti baimininako fimo . 511 00:43:30,880 --> 00:43:34,600 uwa bwafya bwa kwaluka nga ca kutila mulefwaya ukusenda ifya kulya fyenu. 512 00:43:36,800 --> 00:43:40,240 Ameno yakalamba aya ku ntanshi yaisa na fimbi ifya kucita. 513 00:43:40,240 --> 00:43:44,520 Ku hyrax, cipilibula ukulya ifya kulya . ukupitila mu lubali lwa ku kanwa. 514 00:43:47,600 --> 00:43:49,200 Lelo na bacipondoka, 515 00:43:49,200 --> 00:43:51,680 ukwaluka kwaile ukukonka inshila imbi. 516 00:43:57,600 --> 00:44:03,400 Umuntu umo afyelwe na . impumi iyalepa panono. 517 00:44:10,320 --> 00:44:13,840 Ni ntendekelo ya cintu cimo icaibela. 518 00:44:24,640 --> 00:44:26,920 E ko bali. E ko bali. 519 00:44:26,920 --> 00:44:30,000 Pakuti mumone ifyo cingacitika icinso kuti cakwata amaka ya, 520 00:44:30,000 --> 00:44:33,040 tulekabila umusambi wa fya ku nsengo. 521 00:44:34,720 --> 00:44:38,840 Caba kwati kuba inkalabu, te fyo? Ukuya ku kufwaya insekete. 522 00:44:38,840 --> 00:44:41,680 Uwa nkumbu? Tefyo icine cine. 523 00:44:41,680 --> 00:44:45,800 Ifi ni nama . ukukuulwa pa kuti umulimo upwishiwe. 524 00:44:45,800 --> 00:44:47,240 Inkumba... 525 00:44:47,240 --> 00:44:51,560 Icabipa nga nshi ica kuti bacipita muli cilya umutande ukubwelela mu kuba uwawama. 526 00:44:51,560 --> 00:44:54,840 undefined undefined 527 00:44:54,840 --> 00:44:59,760 undefined undefined 528 00:45:02,600 --> 00:45:06,160 undefined undefined 529 00:45:07,800 --> 00:45:11,800 undefined undefined 530 00:45:15,440 --> 00:45:18,880 undefined undefined 531 00:45:18,880 --> 00:45:20,280 undefined 532 00:45:21,920 --> 00:45:25,320 undefined undefined 533 00:45:27,160 --> 00:45:32,680 undefined undefined 534 00:45:32,680 --> 00:45:34,920 undefined undefined 535 00:45:34,920 --> 00:45:37,680 undefined undefined 536 00:45:37,680 --> 00:45:41,520 undefined undefined 537 00:45:41,520 --> 00:45:44,960 undefined 538 00:45:44,960 --> 00:45:46,320 undefined 539 00:45:50,840 --> 00:45:56,000 undefined undefined 540 00:45:56,000 --> 00:45:59,760 undefined undefined 541 00:45:59,760 --> 00:46:02,200 undefined 542 00:46:04,840 --> 00:46:08,560 undefined undefined 543 00:46:08,560 --> 00:46:12,200 undefined undefined 544 00:46:12,200 --> 00:46:15,040 undefined undefined 545 00:46:15,040 --> 00:46:17,920 цалкам справіліся з задачай іншым спосабам 546 00:46:17,920 --> 00:46:21,480 і нешта прыдумаў яшчэ больш незвычайным. 547 00:46:21,480 --> 00:46:26,040 Інструмент, калі хочаце, гэта можна выкарыстоўваць для ежы, пітва, 548 00:46:26,040 --> 00:46:29,080 адчуваць пах і даследаваць свет. 549 00:46:34,200 --> 00:46:40,440 Гэта быў бы апошні росквіт ан незвычайнае эвалюцыйнае падарожжа, 550 00:46:40,440 --> 00:46:46,000 падарожжа, якое пачалося 4,2 мільярда гадоў таму назад с 551 00:46:46,000 --> 00:46:49,560 адна клетка, якая размножылася... 552 00:46:53,320 --> 00:46:55,360 ..і ўскладняўся... 553 00:46:56,760 --> 00:46:58,000 ..атрымаў цела... 554 00:46:59,640 --> 00:47:01,360 ..глыбока ўдыхнуў, 555 00:47:01,360 --> 00:47:03,120 і скочыў на зямлю... 556 00:47:09,040 --> 00:47:14,800 ..перш чым аб'яднацца з мікробамі, набраўшыся смеласці стаць веганскім. 557 00:47:18,680 --> 00:47:22,480 І цяпер, пасля незлічоных пакаленні... 558 00:47:23,920 --> 00:47:26,840 ..нос даўжэе... 559 00:47:29,600 --> 00:47:36,200 ..цягнучыся да зямлі, забяспечваючы лепшы доступ да ежы, 560 00:47:36,200 --> 00:47:39,160 таму цела працягвае расці... 561 00:47:41,320 --> 00:47:46,040 ..пакуль мы не атрымаем жывёлу ашаламляльнай складанасці 562 00:47:46,040 --> 00:47:49,800 і памер, які вы можа проста распазнаць. 563 00:47:58,000 --> 00:48:00,760 Пазнаёмцеся з палеомастодонтом. 564 00:48:03,040 --> 00:48:06,400 {\an8}У яго багажнік, у яго біўні. 565 00:48:06,400 --> 00:48:09,080 {\an8}Вялікія вушы? Праца яшчэ працягваецца... 566 00:48:11,320 --> 00:48:16,040 {\an8}..але гэта форма цела мы маглі б, нарэшце, назваць слана. 567 00:48:20,240 --> 00:48:22,760 І на гэтым эвалюцыя не спынілася. 568 00:48:26,520 --> 00:48:29,840 Ад істот з дзіўнымі падаўжэнне сківіцы... 569 00:48:34,400 --> 00:48:37,800 ..іншыя з выгнутымі ўніз біўні... 570 00:48:41,840 --> 00:48:47,560 ..і, вядома, тыя абразкі ледніковага перыяду, маманты. 571 00:48:53,720 --> 00:48:57,320 Гіганцкія хабатныя раз ахапіла ўвесь зямны шар. 572 00:49:02,600 --> 00:49:08,040 Афрыка, Азія, Еўропа 573 00:49:08,040 --> 00:49:10,280 і Паўднёвай Амерыкі. 574 00:49:10,280 --> 00:49:14,440 У нас ёсць доказы нашых адносін з хабаткамі 575 00:49:14,440 --> 00:49:19,480 з усяго свету, у форме гэтых разьбярства і жывапісу. 576 00:49:20,680 --> 00:49:24,640 Гэта былі не проста такія істоты жылі ў гэтым краявіде. 577 00:49:24,640 --> 00:49:27,760 Мы развіваліся разам з імі. 578 00:49:27,760 --> 00:49:31,640 Нашы гісторыі ўнікальныя пераплятаюцца. 579 00:49:35,880 --> 00:49:40,200 Некаторыя хабаткі былі страчаны натуральнае змяненне клімату, 580 00:49:40,200 --> 00:49:45,320 але для іншых так і было дзеянні нашых продкаў. 581 00:49:50,200 --> 00:49:54,120 Сёння толькі тры віды хоботных застаюцца... 582 00:49:55,600 --> 00:50:00,320 ..кожны з'яўляецца ўнутры апошнія 10 мільёнаў гадоў - 583 00:50:00,320 --> 00:50:01,760 азіяцкі слон... 584 00:50:05,280 --> 00:50:07,200 ..афрыканскі лясны слон... 585 00:50:10,760 --> 00:50:13,040 ..і, самы вялікі з усіх, 586 00:50:13,040 --> 00:50:17,680 траваедны волат сфармаваны на адкрытых раўнінах... 587 00:50:19,280 --> 00:50:21,760 ..афрыканскі саванны слон. 588 00:50:27,080 --> 00:50:28,360 Выдатна! 589 00:50:30,000 --> 00:50:33,160 Ах, ты цудоўны, ці не так? 590 00:50:33,160 --> 00:50:37,160 Давайце апошні раз паглядзім на іх неверагодныя істоты. 591 00:50:40,480 --> 00:50:45,960 Складаецца з мільёна мільярдаў клетак, сілкуецца ад самых вялікіх лёгкіх 592 00:50:45,960 --> 00:50:52,560 любой наземнай жывёлы, і там, кішка, згорнутая ў клубок, даўжынёй 20 метраў, 593 00:50:52,560 --> 00:50:57,800 напоўнена мікробамі, таму можа пераварыць увесь гэты раслінны матэрыял. 594 00:50:57,800 --> 00:51:01,760 А потым паглядзіце на фронт тут, гэтыя біўні, і паміж імі, 595 00:51:01,760 --> 00:51:05,960 гэты незвычайны, мадыфікаваны нос, яго тулава, 596 00:51:05,960 --> 00:51:09,360 дастаткова моцны, каб забраць і несці чалавека, 597 00:51:09,360 --> 00:51:12,360 досыць далікатны, каб забраць капейкі. 598 00:51:18,680 --> 00:51:22,880 Эвалюцыйнае падарожжа што стварыла дзіўнае 599 00:51:22,880 --> 00:51:26,840 і прыгожы слон гэта толькі адна гісторыя. 600 00:51:29,840 --> 00:51:34,040 Таму што, дзякуючы LUCA, што аднаклетачны 601 00:51:34,040 --> 00:51:37,400 Апошні універсальны агульны продак, 602 00:51:37,400 --> 00:51:41,760 мы ўсе частка старажытны род. 603 00:51:42,920 --> 00:51:47,080 Сям'я, якая можа быць дрэнна падтрымліваць сувязь, 604 00:51:47,080 --> 00:51:50,600 і можа быць крыху нефункцыянальным, 605 00:51:50,600 --> 00:51:55,000 але заўсёды бясспрэчна цудадзейны. 606 00:52:01,520 --> 00:52:02,840 Паглядзіце на гэта! 607 00:52:02,840 --> 00:52:07,560 Я літаральна ўзначальваю групу сланоў праз лес. 608 00:52:07,560 --> 00:52:09,560 Хто б гэта мог падумаць? 609 00:52:12,200 --> 00:52:16,840 Усё жывое, усё, што калі-небудзь хадзіла, 610 00:52:16,840 --> 00:52:24,320 плаваў або ляцеў усё звязана у гэтай адной заблытанай гісторыі, звязанай 611 00:52:24,320 --> 00:52:30,720 той ніткай, якая праходзіць праз а чатыры мільярды гадоў габелен жыцця. 612 00:52:34,720 --> 00:52:40,280 Эвалюцыя бязладная, эвалюцыя непрадказальны і такі вялікі, 613 00:52:40,280 --> 00:52:44,080 мы ўсё яшчэ сапраўды высвятляем, як гэта працуе, але ёсць адзін 614 00:52:44,080 --> 00:52:49,000 тое, што мы ведаем, і гэта што з улікам часу і рэсурсаў, 615 00:52:49,000 --> 00:52:54,080 гэта прыдумляе істот якія такія ж выдатныя, як гэта. 616 00:52:56,800 --> 00:53:01,640 І мы павінны шанаваць усіх жыцця на Зямлі, не грэбуйце ім або 617 00:53:01,640 --> 00:53:06,920 undefined undefined 618 00:53:06,920 --> 00:53:10,280 undefined 619 00:53:10,280 --> 00:53:12,560 undefined 620 00:53:12,560 --> 00:53:15,080 undefined 621 00:53:16,360 --> 00:53:18,360 undefined 622 00:53:18,360 --> 00:53:20,960 undefined 623 00:53:32,080 --> 00:53:36,880 undefined undefined 624 00:53:36,880 --> 00:53:39,200 undefined undefined 625 00:53:40,720 --> 00:53:43,400 undefined 626 00:53:44,680 --> 00:53:46,160 undefined 627 00:53:47,600 --> 00:53:49,480 undefined 628 00:53:53,160 --> 00:53:55,400 undefined 629 00:53:57,040 --> 00:53:58,480 undefined 630 00:53:58,480 --> 00:54:00,240 undefined 631 00:54:01,480 --> 00:54:02,920 undefined 632 00:54:02,920 --> 00:54:04,840 undefined 633 00:54:04,840 --> 00:54:07,520 undefined незвычайныя птушкі. 634 00:54:17,280 --> 00:54:18,760 Але спачатку, 635 00:54:18,760 --> 00:54:23,960 адкуль мы ведаем, што ўсё жыццё на Зямлі мае агульнага продка? 636 00:54:26,840 --> 00:54:31,840 На працягу стагоддзяў выкапні забяспечвалі акно ў мінулае, 637 00:54:31,840 --> 00:54:35,240 дапамагае навукоўцам рэканструяваць дрэва жыцця. 638 00:54:36,400 --> 00:54:41,640 У мінулым наша разуменне для таго, як выкапні ўпісваюцца ў гэта 639 00:54:41,640 --> 00:54:45,880 вялікая сістэма жыцця на Зямлі была параўнальная анатомія, 640 00:54:45,880 --> 00:54:48,560 і гэта працавала на працягу доўгага часу, і гэта быў выдатны інструмент. 641 00:54:48,560 --> 00:54:51,280 Навукоўцы паглядзелі б што жывёл або іншых арганізмаў 642 00:54:51,280 --> 00:54:53,520 было агульнае, ці не мелі агульнага, 643 00:54:53,520 --> 00:54:56,320 паспрабаваць аднавіць іх эвалюцыйныя адносіны. 644 00:54:56,320 --> 00:54:58,080 Думаю адно мы павінны мець на ўвазе 645 00:54:58,080 --> 00:55:00,640 калі мы глядзім на выкапні, мы глядзім толькі на рэшткі, 646 00:55:00,640 --> 00:55:02,960 што засталося ззаду, і гэта не заўсёды поўна. 647 00:55:02,960 --> 00:55:05,680 Такім чынам, гэта як спроба рэканструяваць рука па адбітку пальца. 648 00:55:05,680 --> 00:55:08,720 І мы зрабілі шмат памылак. СМЯЕЦЦА 649 00:55:11,520 --> 00:55:13,760 {\an8}Але ў сярэдзіне апошняга стагоддзе, 650 00:55:13,760 --> 00:55:16,760 {\an8}адкрыццё змяніла ўсё. 651 00:55:16,760 --> 00:55:19,840 З'яўленне ДНК сапраўды змяніў гульню. 652 00:55:19,840 --> 00:55:23,520 Мы не маглі вывучыць дрэва жыцця толькі з параўнальнай анатоміяй. 653 00:55:23,520 --> 00:55:24,640 Вам патрэбна ДНК. 654 00:55:27,600 --> 00:55:31,680 Мы можам параўноўваць гены адзін з адным, параўнаць гэтыя паслядоўнасці генаў 655 00:55:31,680 --> 00:55:34,800 адзін аднаму, паглядзіце на лісты якія ўтрымліваюць гэтыя гены, 656 00:55:34,800 --> 00:55:38,080 і выкарыстоўваць гэтую інфармацыю, каб паспрабаваць каб зразумець, наколькі розныя 657 00:55:38,080 --> 00:55:39,960 арганізмы звязаны адзін з адным. 658 00:55:42,920 --> 00:55:47,240 Аналізуючы ДНК, навукоўцы выявілі, што некаторыя 659 00:55:47,240 --> 00:55:49,160 істоты, якія выглядаюць зусім па-рознаму 660 00:55:49,160 --> 00:55:52,080 {\an8}на самай справе цесна звязаны, 661 00:55:52,080 --> 00:55:54,720 {\an8}як афратэрыйскія млекакормячыя. 662 00:55:58,240 --> 00:56:03,840 І гэта таксама дазволіла нам прасачыць дрэва жыцця яшчэ далей 663 00:56:03,840 --> 00:56:08,720 чым калі-небудзь раней, аж да свайго кораня. 664 00:56:10,400 --> 00:56:13,280 УСЕ: ЛУКА. СМЯЕЦЦА 665 00:56:13,280 --> 00:56:16,480 Апошні універсальны агульны продак да ўсяго жыцця на Зямлі. 666 00:56:17,760 --> 00:56:21,640 Гэта апошні арганізм, які мы можам пакажыце назад і скажыце: «Гэта 667 00:56:21,640 --> 00:56:25,960 «сваяк не толькі наш, але бактэрыі, сланы і бананы». 668 00:56:25,960 --> 00:56:29,160 Мне падабаецца думаць пра LUCA як не толькі маё 669 00:56:29,160 --> 00:56:32,000 пра-пра-пра-пра-пра-пра- незалежна ад бабулі і дзядулі, 670 00:56:32,000 --> 00:56:35,440 але ва ўсіх пра-пра-пра-пра-пра- любы дзядуля. 671 00:56:36,680 --> 00:56:39,920 У знакавым даследаванні, навукоўцы прааналізавалі 672 00:56:39,920 --> 00:56:44,680 ДНК 700 розных мікробаў відаў, пошук 673 00:56:44,680 --> 00:56:48,600 для шаблонаў, якія ім дапамогуць рэканструяваць генетычны код LUCA. 674 00:56:49,680 --> 00:56:53,640 Наша здольнасць сапраўды секвенировать ДНК адкрыла нашу здольнасць 675 00:56:53,640 --> 00:56:57,720 глядзець глыбока ў часе 4 мільярды гадоў таму 676 00:56:57,720 --> 00:57:00,160 і прыйсці да лепшага разуменне чаго 677 00:57:00,160 --> 00:57:03,080 наш апошні універсальны агульны продак можа выглядаць. 678 00:57:05,280 --> 00:57:08,920 Даследаванне паказала, што LUCA верагодна, меў 679 00:57:08,920 --> 00:57:14,560 больш за 2600 генаў, што робіць яго дзіўна складаным. 680 00:57:17,520 --> 00:57:20,080 Значыць, не было абавязкова першая форма жыцця. 681 00:57:20,080 --> 00:57:23,400 Гэта амаль напэўна не было, але гэта той, які прайшоў. 682 00:57:23,400 --> 00:57:28,480 З той адной іскры, мы бачым паходжанне ўсяго нашага жыцця 683 00:57:28,480 --> 00:57:30,880 бачыць сёння ў яго неверагодным разнастайнасць. 684 00:57:36,440 --> 00:57:38,920 Разумеючы, што мы ўсе прыйшоў з LUCA, 685 00:57:38,920 --> 00:57:44,520 тое самае насенне дрэва жыцця, гэта сапраўды прыніжальна для мяне. 686 00:57:44,520 --> 00:57:47,040 Гэта спосаб мыслення пра свет 687 00:57:47,040 --> 00:57:49,800 значна больш звязаным спосабам. 688 00:57:49,800 --> 00:57:51,400 Усе мы родам з аднаго месца. 689 00:57:53,280 --> 00:57:58,000 Мы не толькі пашырылі наш разуменне жыцця дрэва, але 690 00:57:58,000 --> 00:58:01,760 гэта змяніла наша разуменне дзе мы ўпісваемся ў дрэва жыцця. 691 00:58:05,720 --> 00:58:09,320 Хочаш ведаць, як слон звязана з рыбай-клоўнам? 692 00:58:09,320 --> 00:58:13,640 Даведайцеся больш у плакаце ад Адкрыты універсітэт на дрэве жыцця. 693 00:58:13,640 --> 00:58:17,600 Каб атрымаць бясплатную копію, адсканіруйце QR-код на экране або званок... 694 00:58:21,200 --> 00:58:22,520 ..або наведаць...